How To Know When A Scorpio Has Lost Interest

One Dead: How many have there been?

Watching the trailer for "28 weeks later" I have raised a question:

If you wake up the dead from their graves, could with them?. Ie: How many people have inhabited Earth ?.

The realization of such calculations is not that easy, we must take many things that inevitably will lead to errors. But at least we will get an idea where the shots go, but not for us to publish in Nature .

To make these estimates, we need a mathematical model. This is a little formula math will tell us how to evolve a variable to others based on certain parameters and conditions. In our case, the population over time. Here we begin with the first assumption. Assume that everyone will have a certain number of children, and that the number of children is going to stay constant over time (a man of the Middle Ages have as many children as one of the industrial revolution). So if we have 2 people going to be about three children, a generation after we 3 / 2 of what we had before. This 3 / 2 is what we consider constant, and we call k (3 / 2 only serves as my example, after which it will calculate k in our example). Another assumption that exponential growth means that the population will grow without limitation, this means that there will be famine, disease and war. Naturally, this is not true, but is used to calculate what we know. Moreover, as we use real data, the k reflected in part these famines, wars and other (to be somewhat less than a k solely dependent on our ability to reproduce). As we are looking at the data on a global level, there is no migration phenomena, no one is leaving the planet, and nobody will come to the planet.

The population growth rate is proportional to the population at a given time. I mean, that a population of 5000 individuals, the next generation will grown much faster than another of only 50 individuals. This equation is written:

growth rate of population = Number of Individuals x constant growth

more Since simple: dP / dt = k * P (t)

Where dP / dt is the rate of growth (something like that as change when we change the time P (t))

k is the constant growth that we had discussed before

and P (t) is population.

This is a differential equation. For those who do not know how to solve it, I put the solution here:

P (t) = P _or * e kt

where P (t ) is the population at time t, P _or is the initial population, and is the constant (2.71 and it is widely used in mathematics) k is the constant growth we talked about earlier, and t is time.

exponential functions grow more or less well. Depending on how large k is, more or less rapidly grow (the Green curve k, for example, is greater than the blue). The red line is linear growth. As you will see the beginning it is harder for the exponential growth (in fact, for small values \u200b\u200bof linear growth gives larger populations), but once they reach certain value, there is no one to stop.

A typical example of exponential growth is the story of rice and a chessboard. If you put a pimple in the first box, twice in the second, twice second in the third ... there will be enough rice in the world to fill the board.

Returning to the subject that interests us. Humans are animals Especialito. We have been able to overcome adversity, we can consider that there is no limitation on our growth. Same thing happens with bacteria and viruses (but be careful, in special conditions). If we take the look back we see that it all started with the ability to change the environment. That is, in the Neolithic with the development of agriculture. Since then mankind has grown more or less like an exponential curve. Sure, there have been population declines, and during Black Plague in the fourteenth century, the World Wars ... etc etc, but as mentioned earlier, we will forget.

In this image we see is the growth of humanity over time, from 1750 until 2150. It is a sort of plateau when you get 2100 or so, because it is estimated that by then the population balance (so-called logistic curve), but today, in 2007 we can still consider the model as exponential.

The way to know how many people have lived in total would add that has lived in every time. It is like saying that to know how heavy a sausage, cut it into different pieces, which weighed separately and then add. In mathematics this operation chorizo \u200b\u200bis what is called integral.

The integral will give us the area below the curve, which amounts to the total population at all times. But leave us not to infinity (we do not know how many people live in the year 40,000) going to set limits. As mentioned, we consider the exponential growth of humans from the Neolithic. The Wikipedia gives me the Neolithic age, about 7,000 years. That will be our time 0. Then, at the present time is 7000 (about 7000 years have passed.)

But miss one thing, if in our operation chorizo \u200b\u200bcut too thin, we run the risk of double counting people, so we divide the total time the average length the life of a person. Here we put another assumption, since I do not know exactly as is. Today, in developed countries, is around 70, but for thousands of years was significantly lower. Still, I'm going to get wet and put some 50 years (although it is true that would be something minor, so I go round numbers)

7000 years / 50 years of average per person = 140 generations

That is, consider that happen every 50 years to different generations (as I said before, is an approximation). In the Neolithic we have t = 0 and currently offer t = 140.

now lack one thing to know: how much is k?. The easy way to estimate it in the little formula for exponential growth in the values \u200b\u200bwe know.

According Wiki, the Neolithic population was around 10 million people today walking around 7 billion

P (t) = P _or * e kt

P (140) = 10 * e ^{140 * k = 7000}

Solving k us provides that:

k = 0.004679

And we have the data we need for the operation of the integral chorizo. We integrate from t = 0 to t = 140, ie, we see how valuable the integral at t = 0 and t = 140 and subtract.

∫ (P _or * e kt) dt = (P _or / k) * e ^{kt + C}

∫

Where is the symbol of the integral, dt (time difference) is to know about which axis cut our sausage and that C is a constant, which is now irrelevant because the subtraction we will (if you want, I can explain the basics of the integral in another time.)

Now with this equation that has left us, we replace t by 0 and 140 and subtract.

[(10/0.04679) * e 0.04679 * 140] - [(10/0.04679) * e 0.04679 * 0] =

[( 10/0.04679) * e 0.04679 * 140] - [(10/0.04679) * e ⁰ ] =

[(10/0.04679) * e 0.04679 * 140] - [(10/0.04679) * 1]

If we solve this leaves us the total People who have lived throughout the history of humanity have been: 147,730 million people!

words, from the Neolithic to now have lived about 147,730 million people. Almost nothing.

This means that if given to get up, we would have to face against an army of 147,730 million hungry zombies human livers.

With 147,730 million dead, I am surprised has not yet met a ghost ...

For each live about 21 dead have been about. When I reached the end of the world, and rise from their graves, will you be able to defend yourself?

Again, this is a comment that simple model, so you can make many mistakes, may be more or less. To begin with we assume that everything that happened before the Neolithic period does not count, that there have been people who have not had children, there has been no war or famine, and that the average life of humanity is 50 years (when they are certainly less), but not bad for an idea.

How To Know When A Scorpio Has Lost Interest

One Dead: How many have there been?

Watching the trailer for "28 weeks later" I have raised a question:

If you wake up the dead from their graves, could with them?. Ie: How many people have inhabited Earth ?.

The realization of such calculations is not that easy, we must take many things that inevitably will lead to errors. But at least we will get an idea where the shots go, but not for us to publish in Nature .

To make these estimates, we need a mathematical model. This is a little formula math will tell us how to evolve a variable to others based on certain parameters and conditions. In our case, the population over time. Here we begin with the first assumption. Assume that everyone will have a certain number of children, and that the number of children is going to stay constant over time (a man of the Middle Ages have as many children as one of the industrial revolution). So if we have 2 people going to be about three children, a generation after we 3 / 2 of what we had before. This 3 / 2 is what we consider constant, and we call k (3 / 2 only serves as my example, after which it will calculate k in our example). Another assumption that exponential growth means that the population will grow without limitation, this means that there will be famine, disease and war. Naturally, this is not true, but is used to calculate what we know. Moreover, as we use real data, the k reflected in part these famines, wars and other (to be somewhat less than a k solely dependent on our ability to reproduce). As we are looking at the data on a global level, there is no migration phenomena, no one is leaving the planet, and nobody will come to the planet.

The population growth rate is proportional to the population at a given time. I mean, that a population of 5000 individuals, the next generation will grown much faster than another of only 50 individuals. This equation is written:

growth rate of population = Number of Individuals x constant growth

more Since simple: dP / dt = k * P (t)

Where dP / dt is the rate of growth (something like that as change when we change the time P (t))

k is the constant growth that we had discussed before

and P (t) is population.

This is a differential equation. For those who do not know how to solve it, I put the solution here:

P (t) = P _or * e kt

where P (t ) is the population at time t, P _or is the initial population, and is the constant (2.71 and it is widely used in mathematics) k is the constant growth we talked about earlier, and t is time.

exponential functions grow more or less well. Depending on how large k is, more or less rapidly grow (the Green curve k, for example, is greater than the blue). The red line is linear growth. As you will see the beginning it is harder for the exponential growth (in fact, for small values \u200b\u200bof linear growth gives larger populations), but once they reach certain value, there is no one to stop.

A typical example of exponential growth is the story of rice and a chessboard. If you put a pimple in the first box, twice in the second, twice second in the third ... there will be enough rice in the world to fill the board.

Returning to the subject that interests us. Humans are animals Especialito. We have been able to overcome adversity, we can consider that there is no limitation on our growth. Same thing happens with bacteria and viruses (but be careful, in special conditions). If we take the look back we see that it all started with the ability to change the environment. That is, in the Neolithic with the development of agriculture. Since then mankind has grown more or less like an exponential curve. Sure, there have been population declines, and during Black Plague in the fourteenth century, the World Wars ... etc etc, but as mentioned earlier, we will forget.

In this image we see is the growth of humanity over time, from 1750 until 2150. It is a sort of plateau when you get 2100 or so, because it is estimated that by then the population balance (so-called logistic curve), but today, in 2007 we can still consider the model as exponential.

The way to know how many people have lived in total would add that has lived in every time. It is like saying that to know how heavy a sausage, cut it into different pieces, which weighed separately and then add. In mathematics this operation chorizo \u200b\u200bis what is called integral.

The integral will give us the area below the curve, which amounts to the total population at all times. But leave us not to infinity (we do not know how many people live in the year 40,000) going to set limits. As mentioned, we consider the exponential growth of humans from the Neolithic. The Wikipedia gives me the Neolithic age, about 7,000 years. That will be our time 0. Then, at the present time is 7000 (about 7000 years have passed.)

But miss one thing, if in our operation chorizo \u200b\u200bcut too thin, we run the risk of double counting people, so we divide the total time the average length the life of a person. Here we put another assumption, since I do not know exactly as is. Today, in developed countries, is around 70, but for thousands of years was significantly lower. Still, I'm going to get wet and put some 50 years (although it is true that would be something minor, so I go round numbers)

7000 years / 50 years of average per person = 140 generations

That is, consider that happen every 50 years to different generations (as I said before, is an approximation). In the Neolithic we have t = 0 and currently offer t = 140.

now lack one thing to know: how much is k?. The easy way to estimate it in the little formula for exponential growth in the values \u200b\u200bwe know.

According Wiki, the Neolithic population was around 10 million people today walking around 7 billion

P (t) = P _or * e kt

P (140) = 10 * e ^{140 * k = 7000}

Solving k us provides that:

k = 0.004679

And we have the data we need for the operation of the integral chorizo. We integrate from t = 0 to t = 140, ie, we see how valuable the integral at t = 0 and t = 140 and subtract.

∫ (P _or * e kt) dt = (P _or / k) * e ^{kt + C}

∫

Where is the symbol of the integral, dt (time difference) is to know about which axis cut our sausage and that C is a constant, which is now irrelevant because the subtraction we will (if you want, I can explain the basics of the integral in another time.)

Now with this equation that has left us, we replace t by 0 and 140 and subtract.

[(10/0.04679) * e 0.04679 * 140] - [(10/0.04679) * e 0.04679 * 0] =

[( 10/0.04679) * e 0.04679 * 140] - [(10/0.04679) * e ⁰ ] =

[(10/0.04679) * e 0.04679 * 140] - [(10/0.04679) * 1]

If we solve this leaves us the total People who have lived throughout the history of humanity have been: 147,730 million people!

words, from the Neolithic to now have lived about 147,730 million people. Almost nothing.

This means that if given to get up, we would have to face against an army of 147,730 million hungry zombies human livers.

With 147,730 million dead, I am surprised has not yet met a ghost ...

For each live about 21 dead have been about. When I reached the end of the world, and rise from their graves, will you be able to defend yourself?

Again, this is a comment that simple model, so you can make many mistakes, may be more or less. To begin with we assume that everything that happened before the Neolithic period does not count, that there have been people who have not had children, there has been no war or famine, and that the average life of humanity is 50 years (when they are certainly less), but not bad for an idea.

Pokemon Hack Roms Mac

Bad Luck Strikes Again, Probability: Statistics for Dummies 6

Today is again Tuesday, 13 ... is it about the month of February, just weeks left to be four days of the week of March as February. But at least I hope that after the last chapter of ye likely more comfortable with the matter of bad luck.

Earlier chapters of Statistics for Dummies

Today we continue a little more likely, but for this we will return to school. In Class E there are many children, and each has their tastes. The teacher of the class E has a list of all the children and their tastes, not to be a mess with them.

Name	Boy or girl	Would you like football?	Do you like math?	Would you like lentils?
Juan	Child	Yes	not	Yes
Mary	Niña	not	If	If
Pedro	Child	If	If	not
Javier	Child	If	not	not
Marta	Niña	not	No	not
Sandra	Niña	not	If	If
Eduardo	Child	If	If	If
Beatriz	Niña	not	not	If

Well, these data have been filled thoughtlessly ... (Not There is no sexist connotation, is just one example)

The teacher of the class E is thinking of ways to sort the children in your class in groups for different activities. To do this, take this list, pencil and paper, and begins to make different groups:

Class E (all children): {John, Mary, Peter, Javier, Marta, Sandra, Eduardo, Beatriz }

Group of Children: {John, Peter, Javier, Eduardo}

Girls Group: {Mary, Martha, Sandra, Beatriz}

Let one thing, if we choose a random student, how likely is it child?

P (Child) = (number of children) / (number of students in the class E) = 0.5

And that's a girl?

P (girl) = (number of girls) / (number of students in the class E) = 0.5

And it is a student in the class E?

P (E) = (number of students) / (number of students) = 1

And the probability of an alien?

P (alien) = (number of aliens) / (number of students in the class E) = 0

What we get from here? Consider, first, the probability of choosing any student in the class E, is 1. The probability of choosing something that does not exist in the class E is 0. Put another way. The probability of E is 1, and "no E "is 0.

This "no-E" is usually expressed as E ^c (or contrary to E). The "against" can apply to other events. For example, if you like football, we can say is Football ^c . There is a property that the probability of something and its opposite, is always 1.

Here:

lentils Group: {John, Mary, Sandra, Eduardo, Beatriz}

Probability of choosing a student who likes lentils

P (lentils) = 5 / 8 = 0,625

Group who does not like lentils (or lentils c) : {Pedro, Javier, Marta}

P (lentils c) = 3 / 8 = 0,375

Group who likes lentils more the group does not like lentils: {John, Mary, Sandra, Eduardo, Beatriz} and {Pedro, Javier, Marta}, {John, Mary, Sandra, Eduardo, Beatriz, Pedro, Javier, Marta}: All Class E

P (lentils) + P (lentils c) = 0,625 + 0,375 = 1

addition, there is another ownership. How many children will be common in both groups? If you look, none.

Well, this can define a concept:

is said that two events are INCOMPATIBLE , when the probability of of one plus the probability of another, is equal to 1 (the entire sample space) and the probability of finding a common element in the two events is 0. Are said to COMPATIBLE when it is not given.

addition, we define two basic operations in probability:

UNION (U) is the operation where we take the two lists and unite. The probability P (AUB) means the probability of the event A or event B

INTERSECTION (∩) is the operation that allows us to learn how many common elements are the two lists. The probability P (A ∩ B) is the probability of A and B.

For two compatible events, for example, the list of students who likes soccer and lentils:

Football: {John, Peter, Javier, Eduardo}

Lentils: {John, Mary, Eduardo, Beatriz}

In many students likes football and lentils

Football Lentils ∩ {John, Eduardo}

How many students would like football or lentils: Football

U Lentils: {John, Peter, Javier, Eduardo} + {John, Mary, Eduardo, Beatriz} = {Juan, Pedro, Javier, Eduardo, Juan, Maria, Eduardo, Beatriz}

But John and Eduardo are repeated ... why football is subtracted ∩ Lentils:

Football

U Lentils: Lentils Group Football + Group - Group (∩ Football Lentils) = {Juan, Pedro, Javier, Eduardo} + {John, Mary, Eduardo, Beatriz} - {Juan, Eduardo} = {John, Peter, Eduardo, Maria, Beatriz}.

words:

P (AUB) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A ∩ B).

If the events are inconsistent, the term P (A ∩ B) will be worth 0, so that will be like adding the probabilities of each event.

Here's another thing. First place the list of lentils and then football is the same as putting on football first and then the lentils. It is what is called commutative.

Football: {John, Peter, Javier, Eduardo}

Lentils: {John, Mary, Eduardo, Beatriz}

Football U U Football Lentils Lentils =

Similarly :

Football ∩ ∩ Football Lentils Lentils =

There is also an attached property. That is,

U Lentils Football Football U = U Mathematics (Math U Lentils) =

(Football Lentils U) U Mathematics

Football Math = ∩ ∩ Lentils Football ∩ (∩ Lentils Math) =

(Football Lentils ∩) ∩ Mathematics

(I leave it to you to do this on your own if you fancy)

Well, today I think we have quite dizzy the teacher of the class E. And continue in other chapters with our friends in the class E.

A greeting

quantum

The black cat strikes again

Pokemon Hack Roms Mac

Bad Luck Strikes Again, Probability: Statistics for Dummies 6

Today is again Tuesday, 13 ... is it about the month of February, just weeks left to be four days of the week of March as February. But at least I hope that after the last chapter of ye likely more comfortable with the matter of bad luck.

Earlier chapters of Statistics for Dummies

Today we continue a little more likely, but for this we will return to school. In Class E there are many children, and each has their tastes. The teacher of the class E has a list of all the children and their tastes, not to be a mess with them.

Name	Boy or girl	Would you like football?	Do you like math?	Would you like lentils?
Juan	Child	Yes	not	Yes
Mary	Niña	not	If	If
Pedro	Child	If	If	not
Javier	Child	If	not	not
Marta	Niña	not	No	not
Sandra	Niña	not	If	If
Eduardo	Child	If	If	If
Beatriz	Niña	not	not	If

Well, these data have been filled thoughtlessly ... (Not There is no sexist connotation, is just one example)

The teacher of the class E is thinking of ways to sort the children in your class in groups for different activities. To do this, take this list, pencil and paper, and begins to make different groups:

Class E (all children): {John, Mary, Peter, Javier, Marta, Sandra, Eduardo, Beatriz }

Group of Children: {John, Peter, Javier, Eduardo}

Girls Group: {Mary, Martha, Sandra, Beatriz}

Let one thing, if we choose a random student, how likely is it child?

P (Child) = (number of children) / (number of students in the class E) = 0.5

And that's a girl?

P (girl) = (number of girls) / (number of students in the class E) = 0.5

And it is a student in the class E?

P (E) = (number of students) / (number of students) = 1

And the probability of an alien?

P (alien) = (number of aliens) / (number of students in the class E) = 0

What we get from here? Consider, first, the probability of choosing any student in the class E, is 1. The probability of choosing something that does not exist in the class E is 0. Put another way. The probability of E is 1, and "no E "is 0.

This "no-E" is usually expressed as E ^c (or contrary to E). The "against" can apply to other events. For example, if you like football, we can say is Football ^c . There is a property that the probability of something and its opposite, is always 1.

Here:

lentils Group: {John, Mary, Sandra, Eduardo, Beatriz}

Probability of choosing a student who likes lentils

P (lentils) = 5 / 8 = 0,625

Group who does not like lentils (or lentils c) : {Pedro, Javier, Marta}

P (lentils c) = 3 / 8 = 0,375

Group who likes lentils more the group does not like lentils: {John, Mary, Sandra, Eduardo, Beatriz} and {Pedro, Javier, Marta}, {John, Mary, Sandra, Eduardo, Beatriz, Pedro, Javier, Marta}: All Class E

P (lentils) + P (lentils c) = 0,625 + 0,375 = 1

addition, there is another ownership. How many children will be common in both groups? If you look, none.

Well, this can define a concept:

is said that two events are INCOMPATIBLE , when the probability of of one plus the probability of another, is equal to 1 (the entire sample space) and the probability of finding a common element in the two events is 0. Are said to COMPATIBLE when it is not given.

addition, we define two basic operations in probability:

UNION (U) is the operation where we take the two lists and unite. The probability P (AUB) means the probability of the event A or event B

INTERSECTION (∩) is the operation that allows us to learn how many common elements are the two lists. The probability P (A ∩ B) is the probability of A and B.

For two compatible events, for example, the list of students who likes soccer and lentils:

Football: {John, Peter, Javier, Eduardo}

Lentils: {John, Mary, Eduardo, Beatriz}

In many students likes football and lentils

Football Lentils ∩ {John, Eduardo}

How many students would like football or lentils: Football

U Lentils: {John, Peter, Javier, Eduardo} + {John, Mary, Eduardo, Beatriz} = {Juan, Pedro, Javier, Eduardo, Juan, Maria, Eduardo, Beatriz}

But John and Eduardo are repeated ... why football is subtracted ∩ Lentils:

Football

U Lentils: Lentils Group Football + Group - Group (∩ Football Lentils) = {Juan, Pedro, Javier, Eduardo} + {John, Mary, Eduardo, Beatriz} - {Juan, Eduardo} = {John, Peter, Eduardo, Maria, Beatriz}.

words:

P (AUB) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A ∩ B).

If the events are inconsistent, the term P (A ∩ B) will be worth 0, so that will be like adding the probabilities of each event.

Here's another thing. First place the list of lentils and then football is the same as putting on football first and then the lentils. It is what is called commutative.

Football: {John, Peter, Javier, Eduardo}

Lentils: {John, Mary, Eduardo, Beatriz}

Football U U Football Lentils Lentils =

Similarly :

Football ∩ ∩ Football Lentils Lentils =

There is also an attached property. That is,

U Lentils Football Football U = U Mathematics (Math U Lentils) =

(Football Lentils U) U Mathematics

Football Math = ∩ ∩ Lentils Football ∩ (∩ Lentils Math) =

(Football Lentils ∩) ∩ Mathematics

(I leave it to you to do this on your own if you fancy)

Well, today I think we have quite dizzy the teacher of the class E. And continue in other chapters with our friends in the class E.

A greeting

quantum

The black cat strikes again

Mainboard Space Walker

Ecosystems Three Bricks (and part 3)

This is the third brick on ecosystems. First brick

Second brick

Once explained the issue of demography and nutrients, we will try to unify. I therefore propose a simulation of what would happen in the case of ecological succession.

one hand we have a limited amount of nutrients.
Moreover we have a lot of selfish organisms with unlimited desire to consume
(another relative to the economy, which is the science that studies how limited resources are allocated to our limited desires)

from an environment where there is nothing only flow of nutrients. Arrive early settlers, who have to be organisms capable of using light and inorganic materials to grow, ie, plants (and bacteria, but since these are everywhere obvious improvement chain yet). Plants are primary producers, and take advantage of the best way to know the resources to produce biomass (organic matter).

two circumstances are given here. On one hand it will create the conditions of competition for these nutrients, so they go to see favored plants that use these nutrients better. Moreover the plants are different from each other. Each can specialize in a particular type of light or nutrients (various types of algae use different types of pigments to take advantage of different wavelengths, and different sources nitrogen, for example will determine different strategies to use it). This specialization will reduce the competition as it will encourage a greater diversity of strategies and better use of resources. Another thing to consider is that this use of resources will not be perfect, and inevitably generate waste.

Plants will grow and grow until they run out of resources (logistic model). Then enter the game the first predators: those who eat the plants. They may also be different from each other, have different strategies to exploit the primary production and produce waste. Would follow a model similar to the fox and rabbit.

We can introduce more predators, which eat the plant eaters, who eat the plants they eat, those who eat them all ... this would give a similar pattern to that of rabbits and foxes, but much more complex. We already have a trophic pyramid.

As we have said, there will be waste, even the same individuals once they die. Thus predators than are needed decomposers (remember we turn to bacteria). One of the main advantages is that they return these decaying organic matter to inorganic, so it can be exploited again by plants. We have built

an ecosystem (very sencillito). May arise other interspecific relationships (not as important as predation, but equally interesting). In conclusion it is like completing a Sudoku go looking for holes to make ends meet. These holes is what is called ecological niches, each agency has to go into place.

Well, I think this is more or less explained the theme of ecosystems. I tried to sum up something like 240 hours of Ecology and about 60 systems modeling (with touches of other subjects). So there may be errors, counterexamples, and all you want.

Mainboard Space Walker

Ecosystems Three Bricks (and part 3)

This is the third brick on ecosystems. First brick

Second brick

Once explained the issue of demography and nutrients, we will try to unify. I therefore propose a simulation of what would happen in the case of ecological succession.

one hand we have a limited amount of nutrients.
Moreover we have a lot of selfish organisms with unlimited desire to consume
(another relative to the economy, which is the science that studies how limited resources are allocated to our limited desires)

from an environment where there is nothing only flow of nutrients. Arrive early settlers, who have to be organisms capable of using light and inorganic materials to grow, ie, plants (and bacteria, but since these are everywhere obvious improvement chain yet). Plants are primary producers, and take advantage of the best way to know the resources to produce biomass (organic matter).

two circumstances are given here. On one hand it will create the conditions of competition for these nutrients, so they go to see favored plants that use these nutrients better. Moreover the plants are different from each other. Each can specialize in a particular type of light or nutrients (various types of algae use different types of pigments to take advantage of different wavelengths, and different sources nitrogen, for example will determine different strategies to use it). This specialization will reduce the competition as it will encourage a greater diversity of strategies and better use of resources. Another thing to consider is that this use of resources will not be perfect, and inevitably generate waste.

Plants will grow and grow until they run out of resources (logistic model). Then enter the game the first predators: those who eat the plants. They may also be different from each other, have different strategies to exploit the primary production and produce waste. Would follow a model similar to the fox and rabbit.

We can introduce more predators, which eat the plant eaters, who eat the plants they eat, those who eat them all ... this would give a similar pattern to that of rabbits and foxes, but much more complex. We already have a trophic pyramid.

As we have said, there will be waste, even the same individuals once they die. Thus predators than are needed decomposers (remember we turn to bacteria). One of the main advantages is that they return these decaying organic matter to inorganic, so it can be exploited again by plants. We have built

an ecosystem (very sencillito). May arise other interspecific relationships (not as important as predation, but equally interesting). In conclusion it is like completing a Sudoku go looking for holes to make ends meet. These holes is what is called ecological niches, each agency has to go into place.

Well, I think this is more or less explained the theme of ecosystems. I tried to sum up something like 240 hours of Ecology and about 60 systems modeling (with touches of other subjects). So there may be errors, counterexamples, and all you want.

How Long Will Fire Extinguishers Last

About Three Bricks Ecosystem (Part 2) Three Bricks

here comes from

This is a continuation of the bricks in CPI Forum

energy reaching the Earth and can be used by living things, from the Sun, particularly in the visible light range. Ecologists call PAR (I remember Photosyntesis Active Radiation). There are other ecosystems that are independent of energy from the sun, but hey, apart from being poor follow the same pattern.

solar energy is always the same, so called solar constant it. That's like mom's pay: no more and we have to settle with her. Fortunately, except for some occasions, there are plenty (in most Possible ecosystems) and most of it is lost in the form of inefficiencies in the system.

Photosynthesis is the main mechanism by which we can harness that energy. The plants are our friends. They take energy and packaged in the form of molecules. But as in recipes for mom, not only of butane is a stew. Our friends the plants need nutrients to build these molecules. The most important is coal, since it is our predominant element, but there's more. Mnemonic form is what is known as CHONSP (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Phosphorus), which is the list of macronutrients. Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen are used to build many molecules, such as carbohydrates. Nitrogen is essential for amine groups , the nitrogenous bases of DNA, the amino sulfur is as cysteine, which in turn are important for protein folding (disulfide bonds) and the enzymatic action .

Besides these, other elements needed in smaller quantities, such as Fe (for hemoglobin, for example), Mg (for chlorophyll), Zn (enzymatic action), if (for some structures of some agencies ) ... (The list is quite long). Focusing on

most important: they take
Carbon CO2 plants primarily but also of HCO3. The H and O you can take through the hydrolysis of H2O produced during photosynthesis. More problematic are nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and these trace elements. Nitrogen is usually found in different forms that can be taken up by plants.
molecular nitrogen (N2) although very abundant in the atmosphere (about 70% in concentration) is usually not very profitable because the bond N = N (even if as a double, a triple bond, that I can not place) is very energetic, and therefore difficult to break. However, some plants get it through the action of bacteria, and extraordinary conditions (with [O2] very low). The other sources of nitrogen are nitrate (NO3) and ammonia (NH3). The match is always taken in the form of orthophosphate PO4 (I'm eating the electric charges for not rolling over the account.) And in general the trace elements are taken as ion (Ca2 +, K +...)

As with the light. These nutrients are limited, but they tend to be far more scarce than light. As we saw in the exponential and logistic models. Our bodies grow and grow until they Gase the first of the nutrients. This is the one called "Limiting."

The constraint can be any of them. The light on the seabed, the water in desert environments ... but in general tend to be nitrogen and phosphorus, plus some trace elements such as potassium (which is why fertilizer NPK type usually), iron as happened in areas HNLP (high nutrients, low production: lots of food but unwilling to work) ... these constraints and space will determine the carrying capacity of the system in a logistic model.

Coming soon: another brick in succession.

Author's note: this is a forum post, so you have to abide by the limitations of language php ...

How Long Will Fire Extinguishers Last

About Three Bricks Ecosystem (Part 2) Three Bricks

here comes from

This is a continuation of the bricks in CPI Forum

energy reaching the Earth and can be used by living things, from the Sun, particularly in the visible light range. Ecologists call PAR (I remember Photosyntesis Active Radiation). There are other ecosystems that are independent of energy from the sun, but hey, apart from being poor follow the same pattern.

solar energy is always the same, so called solar constant it. That's like mom's pay: no more and we have to settle with her. Fortunately, except for some occasions, there are plenty (in most Possible ecosystems) and most of it is lost in the form of inefficiencies in the system.

Photosynthesis is the main mechanism by which we can harness that energy. The plants are our friends. They take energy and packaged in the form of molecules. But as in recipes for mom, not only of butane is a stew. Our friends the plants need nutrients to build these molecules. The most important is coal, since it is our predominant element, but there's more. Mnemonic form is what is known as CHONSP (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Phosphorus), which is the list of macronutrients. Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen are used to build many molecules, such as carbohydrates. Nitrogen is essential for amine groups , the nitrogenous bases of DNA, the amino sulfur is as cysteine, which in turn are important for protein folding (disulfide bonds) and the enzymatic action .

Besides these, other elements needed in smaller quantities, such as Fe (for hemoglobin, for example), Mg (for chlorophyll), Zn (enzymatic action), if (for some structures of some agencies ) ... (The list is quite long). Focusing on

most important: they take
Carbon CO2 plants primarily but also of HCO3. The H and O you can take through the hydrolysis of H2O produced during photosynthesis. More problematic are nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and these trace elements. Nitrogen is usually found in different forms that can be taken up by plants.
molecular nitrogen (N2) although very abundant in the atmosphere (about 70% in concentration) is usually not very profitable because the bond N = N (even if as a double, a triple bond, that I can not place) is very energetic, and therefore difficult to break. However, some plants get it through the action of bacteria, and extraordinary conditions (with [O2] very low). The other sources of nitrogen are nitrate (NO3) and ammonia (NH3). The match is always taken in the form of orthophosphate PO4 (I'm eating the electric charges for not rolling over the account.) And in general the trace elements are taken as ion (Ca2 +, K +...)

As with the light. These nutrients are limited, but they tend to be far more scarce than light. As we saw in the exponential and logistic models. Our bodies grow and grow until they Gase the first of the nutrients. This is the one called "Limiting."

The constraint can be any of them. The light on the seabed, the water in desert environments ... but in general tend to be nitrogen and phosphorus, plus some trace elements such as potassium (which is why fertilizer NPK type usually), iron as happened in areas HNLP (high nutrients, low production: lots of food but unwilling to work) ... these constraints and space will determine the carrying capacity of the system in a logistic model.

Coming soon: another brick in succession.

Author's note: this is a forum post, so you have to abide by the limitations of language php ...